(define (abs x) (cond ((< x 0) (- x)) (else x))) (assert (= (abs 1) 1)) (assert (= (abs (- 2)) 2)) (define (abs x) (if (< x 0) (- x) x)) (assert (= (abs 12) 12)) (assert (= (abs (- 32)) 32)) (define (>= x y) (or (> x y) (= x y))) (assert (>= 2 2)) (assert (>= 3 2)) (assert (not (>= 1 2))) (assert (not (>= 12 44))) (define (>= x y) (not (< x y))) (assert (>= 2 2)) (assert (>= 3 2)) (assert (not (>= 1 2))) (assert (not (>= 12 44))) (define (a-plus-abs-b a b) ((if (> b 0) + -) a b)) (assert (= (a-plus-abs-b 1 2) 3)) (assert (= (a-plus-abs-b 1 -2) 3)) (define (square x) (* x x)) (define (cube x) (* x x x)) (assert (= ((lambda (x y z) (+ x y (square z))) 1 2 3) 12)) ;;; -------------------- ;;; newtons method ;;; -------------------- (define tolerance 0.001) (define (square x) (* x x)) (define (average x y) (/ (+ x y) 2)) (define (improve guess x) (average guess (/ x guess))) (define (good-enough? guess x) (< (abs (- (square guess) x)) tolerance)) (define (sqrt-iter guess x) (if (good-enough? guess x) guess (sqrt-iter (improve guess x) x))) (define (sqrt x) (sqrt-iter 1.0 x)) (define (sqrt2 x) (define (good-enough? guess x) (< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001)) (define (improve guess x) (average guess (/ x guess))) (define (sqrt-iter guess x) (if (good-enough? guess x) guess (sqrt-iter (improve guess x) x))) (sqrt-iter 1.0 x)) (define (sqrt3 x) (define (good-enough? guess) (< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001)) (define (improve guess) (average guess (/ x guess))) (define (sqrt-iter guess) (if (good-enough? guess) guess (sqrt-iter (improve guess)))) (sqrt-iter 1.0)) (assert (< (abs (- 3 (sqrt 9))) tolerance)) (assert (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt 16))) tolerance)) (assert (not (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt 15))) tolerance))) (assert (< (abs (- 3 (sqrt2 9))) tolerance)) (assert (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt2 16))) tolerance)) (assert (not (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt2 15))) tolerance))) (assert (< (abs (- 3 (sqrt3 9))) tolerance)) (assert (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt3 16))) tolerance)) (assert (not (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt3 15))) tolerance))) ;;; ----------------- ;;; factorial ;;; ----------------- (define (factorial n) (if (= n 1) 1 (* n (factorial (- n 1))))) (define (factorial2 n) (fact-iter 1 1 n)) (define (fact-iter product counter max-count) (if (> counter max-count) product (fact-iter (* counter product) (+ counter 1) max-count))) (define (factorial3 n) (define (iter product counter) (if (> counter n) product (iter (* counter product) (+ counter 1)))) (iter 1 1)) (assert (= (factorial 6) 720)) (assert (= (factorial2 6) 720)) (assert (= (factorial3 6) 720)) ;;; ---------------- ;;; ackermann ;;; ---------------- (define (A m n) (cond ((= m 0) (+ n 1)) ((= n 0) (A (- m 1) 1)) (else (A (- m 1) (A m (- n 1)))))) (assert (= (A 0 0) 1)) (assert (= (A 1 2) 4)) (assert (= (A 3 1) 13)) ;;; --------------- ;;; Fibonacci ;;; --------------- (define (fib n) (cond ((= n 0) 0) ((= n 1) 1) (else (+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2)))))) (define (fib2 n) (fib-iter 1 0 n)) (define (fib-iter a b count) (if (= count 0) b (fib-iter (+ a b) a (- count 1)))) (assert (= (fib 2) 1)) (assert (= (fib 3) 2)) (assert (= (fib 4) 3)) (assert (= (fib 5) 5)) (assert (= (fib 6) 8)) (assert (= (fib2 2) 1)) (assert (= (fib2 3) 2)) (assert (= (fib2 4) 3)) (assert (= (fib2 5) 5)) (assert (= (fib2 6) 8)) ;;; ------------------ ;;; count change ;;; ------------------ ;; (define (count-change amount) ;; (define (cc amount kinds-of-coins) ;; (cond ((= amount 0) 1) ;; ((or (< amount 0) (= kinds-of-coins 0)) 0) ;; (else (+ (cc amount (- kinds-of-coins 1)) ;; (cc (- amount (first-denomination kinds-of-coins)) kinds-of-coins))))) ;; (define (first-denomination kinds-of-coins) ;; (cond ((= kinds-of-coins 1) 1) ;; ((= kinds-of-coins 2) 5) ;; ((= kinds-of-coins 3) 10) ;; ((= kinds-of-coins 4) 25) ;; ((= kinds-of-coins 5) 50))) ;; (cc amount 5)) ;; (assert (= (count-change 100) 292)) ;;; -------------------- ;;; exponentiation ;;; -------------------- (define (expt b n) (if (= n 0) 1 (* b (expt b (- n 1))))) (define (expt2 b n) (define (expt-iter b counter product) (if (= counter 0) product (expt-iter b (- counter 1) (* b product)))) (expt-iter b n 1)) (define (fast-expt b n) (define (even? n) (= (% n 2) 0)) (cond ((= n 0) 1) ((even? n) (square (fast-expt b (/ n 2)))) (else (* b (fast-expt b (- n 1)))))) (assert (= (expt 1 2) 1)) (assert (= (expt 2 2) 4)) (assert (= (expt 2 3) 8)) (assert (= (expt2 1 2) 1)) (assert (= (expt2 2 2) 4)) (assert (= (expt2 2 3) 8)) (assert (= (fast-expt 1 2) 1)) (assert (= (fast-expt 2 2) 4)) (assert (= (fast-expt 2 3) 8)) ;;; ---------- ;;; gcd ;;; ---------- (define (gcd a b) (if (= b 0) a (gcd b (% a b)))) (assert (= (gcd 40 6) 2)) (assert (= (gcd 13 4) 1)) ;;; ---------- ;;; primes ;;; ---------- (define (smallest-divisor n) (find-divisor n 2)) (define (find-divisor n test-divisor) (cond ((> (square test-divisor) n) n) ((divides? test-divisor n) test-divisor) (else (find-divisor n (+ test-divisor 1))))) (define (divides? a b) (= (% b a) 0)) (define (prime? n) (= n (smallest-divisor n))) (assert (prime? 13)) (assert (prime? 11)) (assert (not (prime? 12))) ;;; ---------------------- ;;; simple integral ;;; ---------------------- (define (sum term a next b) (if (> a b) 0 (+ (term a) (sum term (next a) next b)))) (define (integral f a b dx) (define (add-dx x) (+ x dx)) (* (sum f (+ a (/ dx 2.0)) add-dx b) dx)) (define (pi-sum a b) (define (pi-term x) (/ 1.0 (* x (+ x 2)))) (define (pi-next x) (+ x 4)) (sum pi-term a pi-next b)) (assert (< (abs (- (* 8 (pi-sum 1 100)) 3.121595)) 0.0001)) (assert (< (abs (- (integral cube 0 1 0.02) 0.249950)) 0.0001)) ;; ------------------------------------------------------------ ;; F(x,y) = x(1 + xy)^2 + y(1 − y) + (1 + xy)(1 − y) ;; ------------------------------------------------------------ (define (f x y) (let ((a (+ 1 (* x y))) (b (- 1 y))) (+ (* x (square a)) (* y b) (* a b)))) (assert (= (f 0 0) 1)) (assert (= (f 1 1) 4)) ;;; --------------- ;;; find zero ;;; --------------- (define (positive? x) (< 0 x)) (define (negative? x) (< x 0)) (define (search f neg-point pos-point) (let ((midpoint (average neg-point pos-point))) (if (close-enough? neg-point pos-point) midpoint (let ((test-value (f midpoint))) (cond ((positive? test-value) (search f neg-point midpoint)) ((negative? test-value) (search f midpoint pos-point)) (else midpoint)))))) (define (close-enough? x y) (< (abs (- x y)) 0.001)) (assert (close-enough? (search (lambda (x) (- 1 (square x))) -3 3) -1))