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-
- (define (abs x)
- (cond ((< x 0) (- x))
- (else x)))
-
- (assert (= (abs 1) 1))
- (assert (= (abs (- 2)) 2))
-
-
- (define (abs x)
- (if (< x 0)
- (- x)
- x))
-
- (assert (= (abs 12) 12))
- (assert (= (abs (- 32)) 32))
-
-
- (define (>= x y)
- (or (> x y)
- (= x y)))
-
- (assert (>= 2 2))
- (assert (>= 3 2))
- (assert (not (>= 1 2)))
- (assert (not (>= 12 44)))
-
-
- (define (>= x y)
- (not (< x y)))
-
- (assert (>= 2 2))
- (assert (>= 3 2))
- (assert (not (>= 1 2)))
- (assert (not (>= 12 44)))
-
-
- (define (a-plus-abs-b a b)
- ((if (> b 0) + -) a b))
-
- (assert (= (a-plus-abs-b 1 2) 3))
- (assert (= (a-plus-abs-b 1 -2) 3))
-
- (define (square x) (* x x))
- (define (cube x) (* x x x))
-
- (assert (= ((lambda (x y z)
- (+ x y (square z)))
- 1 2 3)
- 12))
-
- ;; ;;; --------------------
- ;; ;;; newtons method
- ;; ;;; --------------------
-
- (define tolerance 0.001)
-
- (define (square x)
- (* x x))
-
- (define (average x y)
- (/ (+ x y) 2))
-
- (define (improve guess x)
- (average guess (/ x guess)))
-
- (define (good-enough? guess x)
- (< (abs (- (square guess) x)) tolerance))
-
- (define (sqrt-iter guess x)
- (if (good-enough? guess x)
- guess
- (sqrt-iter (improve guess x) x)))
-
- (define (sqrt x)
- (sqrt-iter 1.0 x))
-
- (define (sqrt2 x)
- (define (good-enough? guess x)
- (< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
-
- (define (improve guess x)
- (average guess (/ x guess)))
-
- (define (sqrt-iter guess x)
- (if (good-enough? guess x)
- guess
- (sqrt-iter (improve guess x) x)))
-
- (sqrt-iter 1.0 x))
-
- (define (sqrt3 x)
- (define (good-enough? guess)
- (< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
-
- (define (improve guess)
- (average guess (/ x guess)))
-
- (define (sqrt-iter guess)
- (if (good-enough? guess)
- guess
- (sqrt-iter (improve guess))))
-
- (sqrt-iter 1.0))
-
- (assert (< (abs (- 3 (sqrt 9))) tolerance))
- (assert (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt 16))) tolerance))
- (assert (not (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt 15))) tolerance)))
-
- (assert (< (abs (- 3 (sqrt2 9))) tolerance))
- (assert (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt2 16))) tolerance))
- (assert (not (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt2 15))) tolerance)))
-
- (assert (< (abs (- 3 (sqrt3 9))) tolerance))
- (assert (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt3 16))) tolerance))
- (assert (not (< (abs (- 4 (sqrt3 15))) tolerance)))
-
-
- ;;; -----------------
- ;;; factorial
- ;;; -----------------
-
- (define (factorial n)
- (if (= n 1)
- 1
- (* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
-
- (define (factorial2 n)
- (fact-iter 1 1 n))
-
- (define (fact-iter product counter max-count)
- (if (> counter max-count)
- product
- (fact-iter (* counter product) (+ counter 1) max-count)))
-
- (define (factorial3 n)
- (define (iter product counter)
- (if (> counter n)
- product
- (iter (* counter product) (+ counter 1))))
-
- (iter 1 1))
-
- (assert (= (factorial 6) 720))
- (assert (= (factorial2 6) 720))
- (assert (= (factorial3 6) 720))
-
- ;;; ----------------
- ;;; ackermann
- ;;; ----------------
-
- (define (A m n)
- (cond ((= m 0) (+ n 1))
- ((= n 0) (A (- m 1) 1))
- (else (A (- m 1) (A m (- n 1))))))
-
- (assert (= (A 0 0) 1))
- (assert (= (A 1 2) 4))
- (assert (= (A 3 1) 13))
-
-
- ;; ;;; ---------------
- ;; ;;; Fibonacci
- ;; ;;; ---------------
-
- (define (fib n)
- (cond ((= n 0) 0)
- ((= n 1) 1)
- (else (+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2))))))
-
- (define (fib2 n)
- (fib-iter 1 0 n))
-
- (define (fib-iter a b count)
- (if (= count 0)
- b
- (fib-iter (+ a b) a (- count 1))))
-
- (assert (= (fib 2) 1))
- (assert (= (fib 3) 2))
- (assert (= (fib 4) 3))
- (assert (= (fib 5) 5))
- (assert (= (fib 6) 8))
-
- (assert (= (fib2 2) 1))
- (assert (= (fib2 3) 2))
- (assert (= (fib2 4) 3))
- (assert (= (fib2 5) 5))
- (assert (= (fib2 6) 8))
-
- ;;; ------------------
- ;;; count change
- ;;; ------------------
-
- (define (count-change amount)
- (define (cc amount kinds-of-coins)
- (cond ((= amount 0) 1)
- ((or (< amount 0) (= kinds-of-coins 0)) 0)
- (else (+ (cc amount (- kinds-of-coins 1))
- (cc (- amount (first-denomination kinds-of-coins)) kinds-of-coins)))))
-
- (define (first-denomination kinds-of-coins)
- (cond ((= kinds-of-coins 1) 1)
- ((= kinds-of-coins 2) 5)
- ((= kinds-of-coins 3) 10)
- ((= kinds-of-coins 4) 25)
- ((= kinds-of-coins 5) 50)))
-
- (cc amount 5))
-
- ;; (assert (= (count-change 100) 292))
-
- ;; ;;; --------------------
- ;; ;;; exponentiation
- ;; ;;; --------------------
-
- (define (expt b n)
- (if (= n 0)
- 1
- (* b (expt b (- n 1)))))
-
- (define (expt2 b n)
- (define (expt-iter b counter product)
- (if (= counter 0)
- product
- (expt-iter b (- counter 1) (* b product))))
-
- (expt-iter b n 1))
-
- (define (fast-expt b n)
- (define (even? n)
- (= (% n 2) 0))
-
- (cond ((= n 0) 1)
- ((even? n) (square (fast-expt b (/ n 2))))
- (else (* b (fast-expt b (- n 1))))))
-
- (assert (= (expt 1 2) 1))
- (assert (= (expt 2 2) 4))
- (assert (= (expt 2 3) 8))
-
- (assert (= (expt2 1 2) 1))
- (assert (= (expt2 2 2) 4))
- (assert (= (expt2 2 3) 8))
-
- (assert (= (fast-expt 1 2) 1))
- (assert (= (fast-expt 2 2) 4))
- (assert (= (fast-expt 2 3) 8))
-
- ;;; ----------
- ;;; gcd
- ;;; ----------
-
- (define (gcd a b)
- (if (= b 0)
- a
- (gcd b (% a b))))
-
- (assert (= (gcd 40 6) 2))
- (assert (= (gcd 13 4) 1))
-
-
- ;;; ----------
- ;;; primes
- ;;; ----------
-
- (define (smallest-divisor n)
- (find-divisor n 2))
-
- (define (find-divisor n test-divisor)
- (cond ((> (square test-divisor) n) n)
- ((divides? test-divisor n) test-divisor)
- (else (find-divisor n (+ test-divisor 1)))))
-
- (define (divides? a b)
- (= (% b a) 0))
-
- (define (prime? n)
- (= n (smallest-divisor n)))
-
- (assert (prime? 13))
- (assert (prime? 11))
- (assert (not (prime? 12)))
-
-
- ;; ----------------------
- ;; simple integral
- ;; ----------------------
-
- (define (sum term a next b)
- (if (> a b)
- 0
- (+ (term a) (sum term (next a) next b))))
-
- (define (integral f a b dx)
- (define (add-dx x) (+ x dx))
- (* (sum f (+ a (/ dx 2.0)) add-dx b) dx))
-
- (define (pi-sum a b)
- (define (pi-term x) (/ 1.0 (* x (+ x 2))))
- (define (pi-next x) (+ x 4))
- (sum pi-term a pi-next b))
-
- (assert (< (abs (- (* 8 (pi-sum 1 100)) 3.121595)) 0.0001))
- (assert (< (abs (- (integral cube 0 1 0.02) 0.249950)) 0.0001))
-
-
- ;; ------------------------------------------------------------
- ;; F(x,y) = x(1 + xy)^2 + y(1 − y) + (1 + xy)(1 − y)
- ;; ------------------------------------------------------------
-
- (define (f x y)
- (let ((a (+ 1 (* x y)))
- (b (- 1 y)))
- (+ (* x (square a))
- (* y b)
- (* a b))))
-
- (assert (= (f 0 0) 1))
- (assert (= (f 1 1) 4))
-
-
- ;;; ---------------
- ;;; find zero
- ;;; ---------------
-
- (define (positive? x) (< 0 x))
- (define (negative? x) (< x 0))
-
- (define (search f neg-point pos-point)
- (let ((midpoint (average neg-point pos-point)))
- (if (close-enough? neg-point pos-point)
- midpoint
- (let ((test-value (f midpoint)))
- (cond ((positive? test-value) (search f neg-point midpoint))
- ((negative? test-value) (search f midpoint pos-point))
- (else midpoint))))))
-
- (define (close-enough? x y) (< (abs (- x y)) 0.001))
-
- (assert (close-enough? (search (lambda (x) (- 1 (square x))) -3 3) -1))
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